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Edde, P.A., and Phillips, T.W. 2006. Field responses of nontarget species to semiochemicals of stored-product Bostrichidae. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 99:175-183.
 
Edde, P.A., Phillips, T.W., and Toews, M.D. 2005. Responses of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) to its aggregation pheromones as influenced by trap design, trap height, and habitat. Environ. Entomol. 34:1549-1557.
 
Edgar, J.A., and Culvenor, C.C.J. 1974. Pyrrolizidine ester alkaloid in danaid butterflies. Nature. 248:614-616.
 
Edgar, J.A., Cockrum, P.A., and Carrodus, B.B. 1979. Male scent-organ chemicals of the vine moth, Phalaenoides glycinae Lew. (Agaristidae). Experientia. 35:861-862.
 
Edgar, J.A., Culvenor, C.C.J., and Pliske, T.E. 1976. Isolation of a lactone, structurally related to the esterifying acids of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, from the costal fringes of male Ithomiinae. J. Chem. Ecol. 2:263-270.
 
Edgar, J.A., Culvenor, C.C.J., and Robinson, G.S. 1973. Hairpencil dihydropyrrolizines of Danainae from the New Hebrides. J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 12:144.
 
Edgar, J.A., Culvenor, C.C.J., and Smith, L.W. 1971. Dihydropyrrolizine derivatives in the 'hair-pencil' secretions of danaid butterflies. Experientia. 27:761-762.
 
Edwards, J.P., and Chambers, J. 1984. Identification and source of a queen-specific chemical in the pharaoh's ant, Monomorium pharaonis (L.). J. Chem. Ecol. 10:1731-1747.
 
Edwards, J.P., and Pinniger, D.B. 1978. Evaluation of four isomers of 3-butyl-5-methyloctahydroindolizine, a component of the trail pheromone of pharaoh's ant, Monomorium pharaonis. Ann. Appl. Biol. 89:395-399.
 
Edwards, L.J., Siddall, J.B., Dunam, L.L., Uden, P., and Kislow, C.J. 1973. Trans-b-farnesene, alarm pheromone of the green peach aphid, Myzus perssicae (Sulzer). Nature. 241:126-127.
 
Eichlin, T.D., and Passoa, S. 1983. A new clearwing moth (Sesiidae) from Central America: a stem borer in Mimosa pigra. J. Lepid. Soc. 37:193-206.
 
Eidmann, H.H., Weslien, J., Harding, S., Baeckström, P., Norin, T., and Vrkoc, J. 1986. A compound replacing a natural pheromone component of the spruce bark beetle. Naturwissenschaften. 73:629-630.
 
Einhorn, J., Beauvais, F., Gallois, M., Descoins, C., and Causse, R. 1984b. Secondary constituents of the sex pheromone of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. 3. 299:773-778.
 
Einhorn, J., Boniface, B., Renou, M., and Milat, M.-L. 1984a. Study on the sex pheromone of Arctia villica L. (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. 3. 298:573-576.
 
Einhorn, J., Guerrero, A., Ducrot, P.H., Boyer, F.D., Gieselmann, M., and Roelofs, W. 1998. Sex pheromone of the oleander scale, Aspidiotus nerii: structural characterization and absolute configuration of an unusual functionalized cyclobutane. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95:9867-9872.
 
Einhorn, J., Lallemand, J.-Y., Zagatti, P., Gallois, M., Virelizier, H., Riom, J., and Menassieu, P. 1982. Isolation and identification of the sex pheromone blend of Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. 2. 294:41-44.
 
Einhorn, J., Menassier, P., Michelot, D., and Riom, J. 1983. Sex trapping of the processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff. (Lep., Notodontidae) with synthetic attractants. First experiments in the south-west of France. Agronomie. 3:499-505.
 
Einhorn, J., Menassieu, P., Malosse, C., and Ducrot, P.-H. 1990. Identification of the sex pheromone of the maritime pine scale, Matsucoccus feytaudi. Tetrahedron Lett. 31:6633-6636.
 
Einhorn, J., Witzgall, P., Audemard, H., Boniface, B., and Causse, R. 1986. Secondary components of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) sex pheromone. II. First results on the behavioural effects. C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. 3. 302:263-266.
 
Eiras, A.E., Kovaleski, A., Vilela, E.F., Chambon, J.P., Unelius, C.R., Borg-Karlson, A.-K., Liblikas, I., Mozûraitis, R., Bengtsson, M., and Witzgall, P. 1999. Sex pheromone of the Brazilian apple leafroller, Bonagota cranaodes Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). Z. Naturforsch. C. 54:595-601.
 
Eisner, T., and Aneshansley, D.J. 2000b. Chemical defense: aquatic beetle (Dineutus hornii) vs. fish (Micropterus salmoides). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97:11313-11318.
 
Eisner, T., Aneshansley, D.J., Eisner, M., Attygalle, A.B., Alsop, D.W., and Meinwald, J. 2000c. Spray mechanism of the most primitive bombardier beetle (Metrius contractus). J. Exp. Biol. 203:1265-1275.
 
Eisner, T., Aneshansley, D.J., Yack, J., Attygalle, A.B., and Eisner, M. 2001. Spray mechanism of crepidogastrine bombardier beetles (Carabidae; Crepidogastrini). Chemoecology 11:209-219.
 
Eisner, T., Attygalle, A. B., Eisner, M., Aneshansley, D.J., and Meinwald, J. 1991b. Chemical defense of a primitive Australian bombardier beetle (Carabidae): Mystropomus regularis. Chemoecology. 2:29-34.
 
Eisner, T., Ball, G.E., Roach, B., Aneschansley, D.J., Eisner, M., Blankespoor, C.L., and Meinwald, J. 1989. Chemical defense of an ozaenine bombardier beetle from New Guinea. Psyche Cam. Mass. 96:153-160.
 
Eisner, T., Deyrup, M., Jacobs, R., and Meinwald, J. 1986. Necrodols: anti-insectan terpenes from defensive secretion of carrion beetle (Necrodes surinamensis). J. Chem. Ecol. 12:1407-1415.
 
Eisner, T., Eisner, H.E., Hurst, J.J., Kafatos, F.C., and Meinwald, J. 1963a. Cyanogenic glandular apparatus of a millipede. Science. 139:1218-1220.
 
Eisner, T., Eisner, M., and Deyrup, M. 1991a. Chemical attraction of kleptoparasitic flies to heteropteran insects caught by orb-weaving spiders. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:8194-8197.
 
Eisner, T., Eisner, M., and Siegler, M. 2005. Secret Weapons: defenses of insects, spiders, scorpions, and other many-legged creatures. Belknap Press. 1-22.
 
Eisner, T., Eisner, M., Jaouni, T., and Fales, H.M. 1990. P-methoxyphenol: chemical basis of strench of a female butterfly. Naturwissenschaften. 77:33.
 
Eisner, T., Hendry, L.B., Peakall, D.B., and Meinwald, J. 1971. 2,5-Dichlorophenol (from ingested herbicide ?) in defensive secretion of grasshopper. Science. 172:277-278.
 
Eisner, T., Hill, D., Goetz, M., Jain, S., Alsop, D., Camazine, S., and Meinwald, J. 1981. Antifeedant action of Z-dihydromatricaria acid from soldier beetles (Chauliognathus spp.). J. Chem. Ecol. 7:1149-1158.
 
Eisner, T., Hurst, J.J., and Meinwald, J. 1963b. Defense mechanisms of arthropods. XI. The structure, function, and phenolic secretions of the glands of a chordeumoid millipede and a carabid beetle. Psyche. 70:94-116.
 
Eisner, T., Jones, T.H., Aneshansley, D.J., Tschinkel, W.R., Silberglied, R.E., and Meinwald, J. 1977a. Chemistry of defensive secretion of bombardier beetles (Brachinini, Metriini, Ozaenini, Paussini). J. Insect Physiol. 23:1383-1386.
 
Eisner, T., Jones, T.H., Hicks, K., Silberglied, R.E., and Meinwald, J. 1977b. Quinones and phenols in the defensive secretions of neotropical opilionids. J. Chem. Ecol. 3:321-329.
 
Eisner, T., Meinwald, J., Monro, A., and Ghent, R. 1961. Defence mechanism of arthropods - I. The composition and function of the spray of the whipscorpion, Mastigoproctus giganteus (Lucas) (Arachnida: Pedipalpida). J. Insect Physiol. 6:272-298.
 
Eisner, T., Morgan, R.C., Attygalle, A.B., Smedley, S.R., Herath, K.B., and Meinwald, J. 1997. Defensive production of quinoline by a phasmid insect (Oreophoetes peruana). J. Exp. Biol. 200:2493-2500.
 
Eisner, T., Rossini, C., and Eisner, M. 2000a. Chemical defense of an earwig (Doru taeniatum). Chemoecology. 10:81-87.
 
Eisner, T., Rossini, C., Gonzalez, A., and Eisner, M. 2004. Chemical defense of an opilionid (Acanthopachylus aculeatus). J. Exp. Biol. 207:1313-1321.
 
Ekpa, O., Wheeler, J.W., Cokendolpher, J.C., and Duffield, R.M. 1984. N,N-dimethyl-beta-phenylethylamine and bornyl esters from the harvestman Sclerobunus robustus (Arachnida: Opiliones). Tetrahedron Lett. 25:1315-1318.
 
Ekpa, O., Wheeler, J.W., Cokendolpher, J.C., and Duffield, R.M. 1985. Ketones and alcohols in the defensive secretion of Leiobunum townsendi weed and a review of the known exocrine secretions of Palpatores (Arachnida: Opiliones). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 81:555-557.
 
El Sebay, Y. 2003. Ecological studies on the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliv., (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Egypt. Egyptian J. Agric. Res. 81:523-529.
 
Eliyahu, D., Mori, K., Takikawa, H., Leal, W.S.,and Schal, C. 2004. Behavioral activity of stereoisomers and a new component of the contact sex pheromone of female german cockroach, Blattella germanica. J. Chem. Ecol. 16:1997-2008.
 
Eller, F.J., and Bartelt, R.J. 1996. Grandisoic acid, a male-produced aggregation pheromone from the plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar. J. Nat. Prod. 59:451-453.
 
Eller, F.J., Bartelt, R.J., Jones, R.L., and Kulman, H.M. 1984. Ethyl (Z)-9-hexadecenoate: a sex pheromone of Syndipnus rubiginosus, a sawfly parasitoid. J. Chem. Ecol. 10:291-300.
 
Eller, F.J., Bartelt, R.J., Shasha, B.S., Schuster, D.J., Riley, D.G., Stansly, P.A., Mueller, T.F., Shuler, K.D., Johnson, B., Davis, J.H., and Sutherland, C.A. 1994. Aggregation pheromone for the pepper weevil, Anthonomus eugenii Cano (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): identification and field activity. J. Chem. Ecol. 20:1537-1555.
 
Elliott, H.J., Bashford, R., and Madden, J.L. 1983. The association of ethanol in the attack behaviour of the mountain pinhole borer Platypus subgranosus Schedl (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae). J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 9050:299-302.
 
Elliott, W.J., Hromnak, G., Fried, J., and Lanier, G.N. 1979. Synthesis of multistriatin enantiomers and their action on Scolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 5:279-287.
 
El-Sayed, A.M., and Trimble, R.M. 2002. Relative attractiveness, of natural and synthetic pheromone of three tortricid tree fruit pests. Environ. Entomol. 31:960-964.
 
El-Sayed, A.M., Bengtsson, M., Rauscher, S., Löfqvist, J., and Witzgall, P. 1999a. Multicomponent sex pheromone in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Environ. Entomol. 28:775-779.
 
El-Sayed, A.M., Delisle, J., De Lury, N., Gut, L.J., Judd, G.J.R., Legrand, S., Reissig, W.H., Roelofs, W.L., Unelius, C.R., and Trimble, R.M. 2003. Geographic variation in pheromone chemistry, antennal electrophysiology, and pheromone-mediated trap catch of North American populations of the obliquebanded leafroller. Environ. Entomol. 32:470-476.
 
El-Sayed, A.M., Fraser, H.M., and Trimble, R.M. 2001. Chemical identification and behavioral activity of (Z)-11-tetradecenal in an eastern North American population of the obliquebanded leafroller. Can. Entomol. 133:365-374.
 
El-Sayed, A.M., Gibb, A.R., and Suckling, D.M. 2005c. Chemistry of the sex pheromone gland of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, discovered in New Zealand. N.Z. Plant Prot. 58:31-36.
 
El-Sayed, A.M., Gibb, A.R., Suckling, D.M., Bunn, B., Fielder, S., Comeskey, D., Manning, L.A., Foster, S.P., Morris, B.D., Ando, T., and Mori, K. 2005a. Identification of sex pheromen components of the painted apple moth: a tussock moth with a thermally labile pheromone component. J. Chem. Ecol. 31:621-646.
 
El-Sayed, A.M., Gödde, J., Witzgall, P., and Arn, H. 1999b. Characterization of pheromone blend for grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana by using flight track recording. J. Chem. Ecol. 25:389-400.
 
El-Sayed, A.M., Wainman, L.I., Santangelo, E.M., Unelius, C.R., and Trimble, R.M. 2004. Relative attravtiveness of (10E)-dodecen-1-yl acetate and (4E,10E)-dodecadien-1-yl acetate to male spotted tentiform leafminers Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.). J. Chem. Ecol. 30:1827-1838.
 
El-Sayed, A.M., Wainman, L.I., Santangelo, E.M., Unelius, C.R., and Trimble, R.M. 2005b. Sex pheromone of a North American population of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 116:143-148.
 
Elzen, G.W., Williams, H.J., and Vinson, S.B. 1984. Isolation and identification of cotton synomones mediating searching behavior by parasitoid Campoletis sonorensis. J. Chem. Ecol. 10:1251-1264.
 
Endo, N., Wada, T., and Chiba, M. 2003. An attractant for Piezodorus hybneri (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) contained in the aggregation pheromone of Riptortus clavatus (Heteroptera: Alydidae). Kyushu Plant Prot. Res. 49:88-91.
 
Endo, N., Wada, T., Mizutani, N., Moriya, S., and Sasaki, R. 2005. Ambiguous response of Riptortus clavatus (Heteroptera: Alydidae) to different blends of its aggregation pheromone components. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 40:41-45.
 
Endo, N., Wada, T., Nishiba, Y., and Sasaki, R. 2006. Interspecific pheromone cross-attraction among soybean bugs (Heteroptera): does Piezodorus hybneri (Pentatomidae) utilize the pheromone of Riptortus clavatus (Alydidae) as a kairomone? J. Chem. Ecol. 32:1605-1612.
 
Endt, D.W., and Wheeler, J.W. 1971. 1-pentadecene production in Tribolium confusum. Science. 172:60-61.
 
Engelhardt, M., Rapoport, H., and Sokoloff, A. 1965. Odorous secretion of normal and mutant Tribolium confusum. Science. 150:632-633.
 
Entrekin, D.L., and Oliver, J.H., Jr. 1982. Aggregation of the chicken mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae). J. Med. Entomol. 19:671-678.
 
Epsky, N.D., Heath, R.R., Dueben, B.D., Lauzon, C.R., Proveaux, A.T., and MacCollom, G.B. 1998. Attraction of 3-methyl-1-butanol and ammonia identified from Enterobacter agglomerans to Anastrepha suspensa. J. Chem. Ecol. 24:1867-1880.
 
Erbilgin, N., Powell, J.S., and Raffa, K.F. 2003. Effect of varying monoterpene concentrations on the response of Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to its aggregation pheromone: implications for pest management and ecology of bark beetles. Agric. Forest Entomol. 5:269-274.
 
Espelie, K.E., Gamboa, G.J., Grudien, T.A., and Bura, E.A. 1994. Cuticular hydrocarbons of the paper wasp, Polistes fuscatus: a search for recognition pheromones. J. Chem. Ecol. 20:1677-1687.
 
Espelie, K.E., Wenzel, J.W., and Chang, G. 1990. Surface lipids of social wasp Polistes metricus Say and its nest and nest pedicel and their relation to nestmate recognition. J. Chem. Ecol. 16:2229-2241.
 
Etges, W.J., and Jackson, L.L. 2001. Epicuticular hydrocarbon variation in Drosophila mojavensis cluster species. J. Chem. Ecol. 27:2125-2149.
 
Evans, W.G. 1982. Oscillatoria sp. (Cyanophyta) mat metabolites implicated in habitat selection in Bembidion obtusidens (Coleoptera: Carabidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 8:671-678.
 
Evans, W.G. 1988. Chemically mediated habitat recognition in shore insects (Coleoptera: Carabidae; Hemiptera: Saldidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 14:1441-1454.
 
Eveland, L.K., and Haseeb, M.A. 1993. Pellioditis pellio: substituted phenolic compounds as chemoattractants. J. Chem. Ecol. 19:2543-2546.
 
Evenden, M.L., and Gries, R. 2006. Sex pheromone of the large aspen tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Chemoecology. 16:115-122.
 
Evenden, M.L., Borden, J.H., Van Sickle, G.A., and Gries, G. 1995. Development of a pheromone-based monitoring system for western hemlock looper (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): effect of pheromone dose, lure age, and trap type. Environ. Entomol. 24:923-932.
 
Everaerts, C., Pasteels, J.M., Roisin, Y., and Bonnard, O. 1988. The monoterpenoid fraction of the defensive secretion in Nasutitermitinae from Papua New Guinea. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 16:437-444.
 
Everaerts, C., Roisin, Y., Le Quere, J.-L., and Bonnard, O., and Pasteels, J.M. 1993. Sesquiterpenes in the frontal gland secretions of nasute soldier termites from New Guinea. J. Chem. Ecol. 19:2865-2879.
 
Evershed, R.P., and Morgan, E.D. 1980. A chemical study of the dufour glands of two attine ants. Insect Biochem. 10:81-86.
 
Evershed, R.P., and Morgan, E.D. 1981b. Chemical investigations of the dufour gland contents of attine ants. Insect Biochem. 11:343-351.
 
Evershed, R.P., and Morgan, E.D. 1983. The amounts of trail pheromone substances in the venom of workers of four species of attine ants. Insect Biochem. 13:469-474.
 
Evershed, R.P., Morgan, E.D., and Cammaerts, M.C. 1981a. Identification of the trail pheromone of the ant Myrmica rubra L., and related species. Naturwissenschaften. 68:374-376.
 
Everton, I.J., Games, D.E., and Staddon, B.W. 1974. Composition of scents from Apodiphus amygdali. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 67:815-816.
 
Everton, I.J., Knight, D.W., and Staddon, B.W. 1979. Linalool from the metathoracic scent gland of the cotton stainer Dysdercus intermedius Distant (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 63:157.
 

 
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Citation: El-Sayed AM 2008. The Pherobase: Database of Insect Pheromones and Semiochemicals. <http://www.pherobase.net>.
©2003-2008 The Pherobase - Extensive Database of Insect Pheromones and Semiochemicals. Ashraf M. El-Sayed
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